History of the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission

• 1946 – On October 12, the Atomic Energy Control Act is proclaimed. Under this act, the Government of Canada establishes the Atomic Energy Control Board (AECB) as a regulatory agency to provide control and supervision of the development, application and use of atomic energy. The board also plays a role in enabling Canada to participate effectively in measures of international control of atomic energy.
• 1947 – In July, Canada is ready to start operating the National Research Reactor (NRX) under the oversight of the AECB at Chalk River Laboratories. So far, it is the world’s most powerful research reactor, producing isotopes and giving Canada the lead in nuclear medicine. Canada’s first nuclear reactor was ZEEP (zero energy experimental pile), which began operations at Chalk River in September 1945 and served as the basis for the design of the NRX.
• 1952 – With the AECB established as the regulatory agency and reactors running, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) is formed in 1952. AECL’s mandate is to further the peaceful development and research of the Canadian nuclear industry. This Crown Corporation assumes the responsibility of the Chalk River project and others like it. On December 12, a partial meltdown of the NRX reactor c ore at Chalk River, Ontario, occurs. Although the reactor is damaged, there are no injuries.
• 1954 – AECL partners with the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario to build Canada’s first nuclear power reactor in Rolphton, Ontario. This Nuclear Power Demonstration (NPD) reactor is the prototype for CANDU (Canada Deuterium Uranium) reactor technology. A proving ground for research and development, the reactor operated from 1962 until 1987.

Related links

• 1952: Atomic Energy of Canada Limited
• 1954: Nuclear Power Demonstration

• 1958 – In September 1958, significant numbers of Canadians oppose the federal government's plans to purchase nuclear-warhead-capable Bomarc missiles from the United States. The controversy continues for a number of years when Prime Minister Lester Pearson announces the purchase of nuclear missiles. However, 10 years later, Canada ratifies the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, and nuclear warheads begin to be removed from the country.
• 1959 – As the public becomes more aware of Canada's nuclear power usage, education becomes a priority. In 1959, the first university-based research reactor in the British Commonwealth opens in Hamilton, Ontario at McMaster University.
• 1960 – Public opposition to the purchase of nuclear warheads leads to the creation of the Canadian Nuclear Association. The organization is established to represent the nuclear industry in Canada and to promote the development and growth of nuclear technologies for peaceful purposes.
• 1962 – The Government of Canada further voices the need for nuclear peace when it is reported that missiles are poised to hit targets in North America from a launching pad in Cuba. With this nuclear crisis, Canada makes monumental steps in later years to uphold the peaceful use of nuclear power.

Related links

• 1959: McMaster Nuclear Research Reactor
• 1960: Canadian Nuclear Association (CNA)

• 1966 – The Douglas Point Nuclear Generating Station begins operating. This is Canada’s first commercial-scale nuclear generating station and a prototype for today’s larger nuclear power plants. An interim operating licence is issued to permit the start up and operation of the station.
• 1969 – As Canada begins to focus on nuclear use in healthcare, the AECB adopts regulations for the transport of radioactive materials.
• 1972 – Pursuant to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, which was signed in 1968 and brought 58 nations together to support the peaceful use of nuclear power, Canada becomes the first country to sign a comprehensive nuclear safeguards agreement with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). This agreement gives the IAEA the right and obligation to monitor Canada's nuclear-related activities and verify nuclear material inventories and flows in Canada.
• 1974 – The Royal Commission on the Health and Safety of Workers in Mines, chaired by Dr. James Ham, is established in Ontario. The Commission investigates any health and safety matters related to mining, particularly silicosis and lung cancer, and is a significant first step for workplace health and safety.
• 1975 – Furthering the development of nuclear use in health care, Canada’s first positron emission tomography (PET) scanner is developed and installed at the Montreal Neurological Institute. PET is a nuclear medicine imaging technique, used particularly in cancer therapy, which produces a 3-D image of functional processes in the body.

Related links

• 1969: Frequently Asked Questions about Transporting Nuclear Substances
• 1972: Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)
• 1975: Nuclear Substances/Medicine

• 1978 – The Soviet Union launched the Kosmos 954 satellite in 1977. In 1978, a malfunction prevents safe separation of its onboard nuclear reactor. When re-entering the earth's atmosphere the satellite scatters radioactive debris over northern Canada, prompting an extensive cleanup operation. A team of AECB staff is sent to the Northwest Territories on a search-and-recovery mission while Canada and the U.S. lead the cleanup initiative, dubbed Operation Morning Light. The teams work day and night in extreme weather conditions, striving for the same goal – cleaning up the debris scattered across 124,000 km2.
• 1979 – Near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, equipment failure and human error contribute to an accident at the Three Mile Island nuclear reactor, the worst in U.S. history. There is major damage to 1 of 2 reactors at the plant, but the plants containment structures ensure radiation exposure to employees and the public is minimal. As the plant is being stabilized, there is an uncoordinated release of information from various authorities through the media. A vacuum of reliable information results in sensationalism and some hysteria. After review, the nuclear industry responds by creating the Institute of Nuclear Power Operations (INPO). INPO's mission is to promote the highest levels of safety and reliability in the operation of nuclear generating plants. In response, the AECB re-evaluates strategies for public outreach and transparency and communication with the public takes centre stage.
• 1980 – In Canada, to help counter the fear resulting from the Three Mile Island accident, the AECB enhances its public-communication strategies and increases transparency. Public-access policies and public-consultation programs are revised and the Board establishes 3 advisory committees dealing respectively with radiological protection, nuclear safety and security.
• 1982 – The AECB shares its first regulatory agenda to the public. It provides information concerning the dates of future AECB meetings and licence renewals, and major regulatory actions requiring decisions in the year ahead. The document intends to encourage public awareness and to facilitate participation by interest groups and individual members of the public in the business of the AECB.
• 1984 – With all nuclear weapons removed from Canada, the country becomes nuclear weapon-free, marking a major milestone towards world peace.

Related links

• 1978: Operation Morning Light
• 1979: Three Mile Island

• 1986 – On April 26, reactor number 4 at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine suffers a catastrophic power increase, leading to explosions in the core. Considered the worst nuclear power plant accident ever, it is the first and only accident to be classified a Level 7 event on the International Atomic Energy Agency's Nuclear Event Scale. In Ontario, the government responds by commissioning a review of nuclear plant operations in the province, while the nuclear industry responds with the creation of the World Association of Nuclear Operators in 1989. The major impact on public perception strengthens the AECB’s commitment to transparency and public outreach. Public access policies, public consultation programs, the publication of regulatory agendas, issuing of policy statements for public comment and the appointment of an access to information and privacy coordinator are put in place.
• 1992 – An important step in environmental protection, the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, is passed. Under this act, the CNSC will conduct environmental assessments on nuclear projects and activities.
• 1994 – The Convention on Nuclear Safety, adopted in Vienna, provides an important internationally binding set of nuclear safety obligations for the operation of nuclear installations. Canada is one of the first signatories and remains one of the staunchest promoters and supporters of its objectives.
• 1995 – As Canada advances nuclear safety and performance, the AECB updates the public on the management of nuclear waste and publishes Regulating Nuclear Fuel Waste, a document designed to help the public understand the important aspects of the management and disposal of nuclear fuel waste.

Related links

• 1994: Convention on Nuclear Safety
• 1995: Regulating Nuclear Fuel Waste

• 1996 – Not only is it the 50th anniversary of the Atomic Energy Control Act, but on March 21, the Hon. Anne McLellan, Minister of Natural Resources, tables Bill C-23 in the House of Commons. This bill seeks to establish the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission, and make consequential amendments to other Acts. The new legislation is tabled to replace the Atomic Energy Control Act and in 1997 becomes the Nuclear Safety and Control Act (NSCA) with a focus on the health, safety and environmental impact of using nuclear technologies.
• 1997 – Ontario Hydro announces that 7 CANDU reactors will be shut down, leading some to predict the end of nuclear power in Canada. AECB indicates that a special oversight process will be required prior to restart of the shutdown reactors. This is the beginning of the current periodic safety reviews that have lead to significant safety improvements in all operating nuclear reactors.
• 2001 – With the NSCA coming into force in 2000, the CNSC assumes enhanced regulatory power to protect the environment. Regulatory policy P-223, Protection of the Environment, is established this year.
• 2001 – Canada becomes one of the first countries to ratify the Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management. Ratification represented Canada’s commitment to achieving and maintaining a consistently high level of safety in the management of spent fuel and radioactive waste and in ensuring the protection of people and the environment.
• 2001 – Following the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York on September 11, the Commission issues an emergency order to all nuclear reactor facilities to increase their security. The CNSC instructs major nuclear facilities to initiate enhanced security at their sites, including perimeter security and armed guards. The Nuclear Security Regulations are subsequently amended in 2006.
• 2002 – The Nuclear Fuel Waste Act comes into force in 2002. The Nuclear Waste Management Organization is established under the act to investigate approaches for the long-term management of Canada’s used nuclear fuel.
• 2003 – Progress continues towards enhanced security with the Packaging and Transport of Nuclear Substances Regulations and Nuclear Security Regulations. The CNSC participates in the development and passage of Bill C-4 to amend the NSCA to change the liability for the cleanup of contaminated land. The bill receives royal assent on February 13. CNSC staff continue to review the NSCA to ensure that the CNSC has been able to respond to security challenges.

Related links

• 1996: Nuclear Safety and Control Act
• 1997: REGDOC-2.3.3: Periodic Safety Reviews
• 2001: Protection of the Environment Policy
• 2001: Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management
• 2002: Nuclear Fuel Waste Act
• 2003: Packaging and Transport of Nuclear Substances Regulations
• 2003: Nuclear Security Regulations

• 2006 – The CNSC implements the National Sealed Source Registry and Sealed Source Tracking System, making Canada the first G7 country with such robust registration and tracking controls for high-risk sealed sources. Together, the registry and the tracking system assure the global community of the safe and secure international transfers of these sources.
• 2007 – The CNSC initiates research on tritium releases in Canada to study and evaluate tritium processing facilities exercising the best practices around the globe. Since then, the CNSC has undertaken several research projects under the banner of the Tritium Studies Project. The extensive body of research is made available to the public in 2017.
• 2007 – An extended shutdown of AECL’s NRU reactor causes widespread international concern about the availability of isotopes for medical diagnostics and treatments. AECL requests regulatory approval to operate the NRU for a limited time period. CNSC advises that a complete safety case and request for licence amendment is required. Within days, the Government of Canada issues the Directive to the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission Regarding the Health of Canadians instructing the CNSC to consider the health of Canadians who depend on nuclear substances for medical purposes. By December 12, the House of Commons and Senate pass Bill C-38, a law authorizing AECL to operate the NRU reactor for 120 days with certain conditions. The reactor restarts on December 16 and resumes production of medical isotopes within days.
• 2009 – In May, the CNSC initiates an Integrated Regulatory Review Service (IRRS) mission, a service offered by the International Atomic Energy Agency. The purpose of an IRRS mission is to compare the regulatory practices of a country with international standards and equivalent good practices elsewhere in the world. IRRS peer reviews are opportunities for both regulators and peer reviewers to learn about different approaches to the organization and practices of national regulatory bodies. This IRRS mission at the CNSC confirms the effectiveness of Canada’s nuclear regulatory framework.
• 2011 – On March 11, a magnitude-9.0 earthquake, followed by a devastating tsunami, struck Japan, causing a severe nuclear accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. In response, the CNSC took swift action to confirm safety measures at Canadian facilities, striking a task force and creating a 4-year action plan to strengthen reactor defence in depth, to enhance emergency response, to improve regulatory oversight and crisis communication capabilities, and to enhance international collaboration.
• 2012 – The Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, 2012 is enacted, aiming to minimize or avoid adverse environmental effects and streamline decision-making. With the CNSC as Responsible Authority over environmental assessments, the NSCA is amended to authorize it to establish the Participant Funding program to facilitate participation of the public in Commission proceedings.
• 2012 – The CNSC launches its Independent Environmental Monitoring Program to complement its compliance activities and provide information to the public around CNSC-regulated nuclear facilities on any potential environmental impacts. This is achieved through independent sampling and analysis by the CNSC.
• 2013 – To ensure safety of the public, the CNSC completes a groundbreaking health study on populations living near Ontario's 3 nuclear power plants (NPPs). The study uses data from the Canadian and Ontario Cancer Registries and the Census of Canada. It concludes that public radiation doses resulting from the operation of the NPPs are 100 to 1,000 times lower than natural background radiation, and that there is no evidence of childhood leukemia clusters around the 3 Ontario NPPs.

Related links

• 2006: National Sealed Source Registry and Sealed Source Tracking System
• 2007: Tritium Studies Project
• 2007: Directive to the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission Regarding the Health of Canadians
• 2009: Integrated Regulatory Review Service (IRRS)
• 2011: CNSC Integrated Action Plan On the Lessons Learned From the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Accident
• 2012: Participant Funding Program
• 2012: Independent Environmental Monitoring Program

• 2018 – In January, the CNSC is the first federal regulator in Canada to publish regulatory requirements for managing the fitness for duty of workers in relation to alcohol and drug use at all high-security sites, as defined in the Nuclear Security Regulations. In 2021, the requirements are updated to include the legalization of marijuana.
• 2019 – The CNSC receives an application from Global First Power for a licence to prepare a site for a micro modular reactor on AECL property at the Chalk River Laboratories location. As the demand for small modular reactors increases, the CNSC and the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission sign a memorandum of cooperation aimed at enhancing and harmonizing technical reviews of advanced reactor and small modular reactor technologies.
• 2019 – On August 28, the Government of Canada enacted the Impact Assessment Act (IAA). The IAA broadens the scope of assessments to include environmental, health, social and economic effects – both positive and negative – of a proposed project.
• 2020 – On March 11, the World Health Organization declares COVID-19 a pandemic. On March 15, the CNSC activates its business continuity plan. Despite the onset of the pandemic, it remains actively engaged throughout year with licensees, and continues to monitor all nuclear facilities to ensure the continued protection of the public and the environment.
• 2020 – On March 15, the CNSC activated its business continuity plan. All staff were directed to remain home on Monday, March 16 in order to heed guidance from medical officials to help reduce the spread of the virus. Critical staff – including those onsite at power plants – continued to work remotely to ensure effective regulatory oversight.
• 2020 – In May, the application for Ontario Power Generation’s Deep Geologic Repository is officially withdrawn following the results of the Saugeen Ojibway Nation’s community ratification vote.
• 2020 – On May 31, the CNSC celebrated the 20th anniversary of the coming into force of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act (NSCA), marking a significant turning point in Canada’s nuclear regulatory history. The CNSC came into existence with new nuclear legislation that had not been significantly updated since its inception in the mid-1940s.
• 2020 – In October, the CNSC and the UK Office for Nuclear Regulation (ONR) signed two agreements to explore further collaboration and to more effectively regulate an ever-changing nuclear sector. The two agreements are built on years of collaboration in nuclear safety and security and were signed during a virtual ceremony by CNSC President Rumina Velshi and ONR Chief Nuclear Inspector Mark Foy on October 8, 2020.

  The memorandum of understanding (MOU) provides a framework for enhanced collaboration, allowing for opportunities to share information and experience between the CNSC and ONR. The memorandum of cooperation, which was established to supplement and strengthen the existing MOU, will provide a framework for sharing information, expertise and best practices to support more efficient technical reviews of small modular reactors and advanced nuclear technologies. It also allows more effective communication between the two regulators.

• 2021 – On January 21, the Commission approved the third version of REGDOC-2.2.4, Fitness for Duty, Volume II: Managing Alcohol and Drug Use. Initially published in 2017, this version of the regulatory document reflects updated requirements and guidance to further strengthen human performance in safety-sensitive and safety-critical work. The new requirements reflect additional testing methods to respond to recent scientific and technological advances, as well as the legalization and regulation of cannabis in Canada in 2018.

  The changes include new measures that are based on solid scientific evidence and expert consultant research – they are about setting the highest standard for safety in the facilities we regulate. Our requirement for licensees to test workers in safety-sensitive positions for drug and alcohol use is informed by extensive consultation, engagement and outreach with the Canadian Human Rights Commission, unions, licensees and other Canadians. Our focus is on fitness for duty, not on being punitive. This means that workers in certain defined positions who test positive for drug and alcohol use are removed from safety-sensitive duties and referred for evaluation.

  Our approach is consistent with best practices here in Canada and around the world and reflects guidance of the International Atomic Energy Agency.

• 2021 – In May, we continued to move forward with preliminary licensing activities for emerging technologies, completing Phase 1 of the vendor design review (VDR) of Moltex Energy’s 300 MWe small modular reactor (SMR). The review concluded that additional work will be required in areas such as management systems, safety classification, and design aspects of containment structures if Moltex Energy decides to proceed with a Phase 2 review. VDR is optional and at the request from a vendor, allows CNSC subject-matter experts to assess a design prior to any licensed activities taking place.

  We also began the technical review of Global First Power’s documentation in support of its application for a licence to prepare a site for an SMR at the Chalk River Laboratories site in May.

• 2021 – On July 13, we issued formal notices to all nuclear power plant licensees in Canada, requesting further analysis on the continued safe operation of pressure tubes. This was due to Bruce Power finding elevated levels of hydrogen equivalent (Heq) in the pressure tubes of two shutdown units.
• 2021 – October 12 marked the 75th anniversary of the Government of Canada's proclamation of the Atomic Energy Control Act. Since then, Canada has established a rich history of nuclear regulation.

Related links

• 2018: REGDOC-2.2.4: Fitness for Duty, Volume II : Managing Alcohol and Drug Use
• 2019: CNSC and US sign Memorandum of Cooperation
• 2019: What’s a Small Modular Reactor
• 2019: Impact Assessment Act
• 2020: CNSC's response to COVID-19
• 2020: Ontario Power Generation’s Deep Geologic Repository

• 2022 – On January 1, the Commission Secretariat and Secretary became the Commission Registry and Registrar. While this does not affect how participants in proceedings interact with the Commission, it signals the commitment to increased transparency and improved access to documents used in Commission proceedings. The name change reflects the focus on the fact that the Commission is a court of record and also gives the Commission Registrar a new formal legal advisory role to assist the Commission by ensuring that rules of procedural fairness are respected. This safeguards the separation between the Commission and CNSC staff, maintaining the independence of the Commission and its proceedings, and ensuring legal oversight and governance of the Commission’s functions. This shift is part of our move to modernize the Commission’s processes to be responsive to expectations of clarity, transparency and information access, as well as to meet challenges as the nuclear sector continues to evolve.
• 2022 – On March 3, we released our first of many public statements about the ongoing situation in Ukraine. As a member of the International Nuclear Regulators Association, we, along with the 8 other member countries, offered our expertise and support to Ukraine’s nuclear regulator to ensure the continued safety of its nuclear facilities.  Throughout the conflict, the International Atomic Energy Agency has provided the world with the most trusted and credible source of information on nuclear safety in Ukraine. Our focus continues to be on ensuring transparency, global collaboration and effective public communication as we monitor the safety of nuclear facilities in Ukraine.
• 2022 – May saw a significant focus on small modular reactors (SMRs) and our readiness to regulate this new technology. Taking advantage of the opportunity to attend a number of international conferences, we emphasized our preparedness for SMRs and highlighted the need to strengthen international collaboration and the importance of global standardization.

  As we continue to prepare for the future, we remain focused on ensuring that no unnecessary barriers will impede the regulatory process for SMRs. The nuclear sector continued to evolve this year as the Government of Canada made important investments in SMRs, allocating $50 million toward the CNSC in support of its readiness to regulate advanced reactor technologies. This federal funding has helped us in preparing for and building our capacity to assess expected licence applications for SMRs.

• 2022 – November started with an important regulatory milestone – our receipt of the first application for a licence to construct a small modular reactor for the Darlington New Nuclear Project. The application is currently under review and is the first of many milestones as we prepare for the deployment of SMRs in Canada and globally.
• For more information on recent years, read our Departmental Plans.

Rumina Velshi served as President and Chief Executive Officer of the CNSC from August 2018 to October 2023. She was a Commission member from 2011 to 2018. In February 2020, Ms. Velshi was appointed Chairperson of the Commission on Safety Standards, established by the International Atomic Energy Agency, for a 4 year term. She also chaired the 50th and 51st meetings of the International Nuclear Regulators’ Association.

Ms. Velshi holds a Bachelor of Applied Science in civil engineering, a Master of Engineering in chemical engineering and a Master of Business Administration, all from the University of Toronto.

Ms. Velshi has extensive technical, regulatory and adjudication expertise in the energy industry. During her over 40 year career in the sector, she worked in various capacities at Ontario Hydro and Ontario Power Generation, and served as a part-time board member of the Ontario Energy Board.

Ms. Velshi has very actively promoted careers in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM), especially for young women. She co-chaired Canada’s first-ever Nuclear Energy Agency International Mentoring Workshop for Indigenous young women. She was also the founding co-chair of Canada’s Driving the Advancement of Women in Nuclear and of the International Gender Champion’s Impact Group on Gender Equality in Nuclear Regulatory Agencies.

Ms. Velshi is internationally sought after to speak on a wide range of topics, such as regulatory innovation, international collaboration, strengthening public trust and the imperative of diversity and inclusiveness.

Dr. Michael Binder was President and Chief Executive Officer of the CNSC from 2008 to 2018.

Dr. Binder holds a Ph.D. in physics from the University of Alberta. During his long career as a public servant, he held senior positions at Industry Canada, the Department of Communications, the Office of the Comptroller General of Canada, the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, the Ministry of State for Urban Affairs and the Defence Research Board.

During his tenure as Industry Canada's Assistant Deputy Minister of Spectrum, Information Technologies and Telecommunications, Dr. Binder oversaw Canada's transition to a network economy. He also managed the regulation of telecommunications industries, the promotion of electronic commerce, and the development and use of world-class information and communications for the economic, social and cultural benefit of Canadians.

As CNSC President, Dr. Binder's mission was to ensure that Canadian nuclear facilities and activities are the safest and most secure in the world.

Linda Keen was President and Chief Executive Officer of the CNSC from 2001 to 2008.

Keen graduated from the University of Alberta with a bachelor of science degree in chemistry and a master of science degree in agricultural sciences. Beginning her career as a chemist, Keen worked in the agriculture, mining and nuclear fields.

As a certified agrologist, Keen worked for the provinces of Alberta and British Columbia, and for the International Development Research Centre in West Africa. Experience gained in scientific research, trade policy, and international marketing and strategic planning led to her appointment as Director General of Strategic Planning and Coordination for Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada.

Keen also worked at Industry Canada before being appointed Assistant Deputy Minister of Minerals and Metals at Natural Resources Canada. In this role, she was responsible for the development of the Mining Sustainable Development Policy, the regulation of explosives in Canada, task forces on risk management and risk communications, and the CANMET laboratories.

As President of the CNSC, Keen faced many challenges, including the aftermath of the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the 2003 eastern intercontinental power blackout and the closure of the National Research Universal reactor.

Keen was actively involved in the community of women in science. As Honorary Chair of the 2006 Women in Nuclear Global Conference, a member of Women in Science, the first Canadian president of the International Nuclear Regulators' Association and the first Canadian to win the Women in Nuclear Global Award, Keen was committed to the promotion of women in the science community.

Dr. Agnes J. Bishop, MD, was President of the Atomic Energy Control Board (AECB)/Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC) from 1994 until 2001.

With an academic background in medicine, Dr. Bishop practiced in Winnipeg where she was a renowned pediatrician specializing in pediatric hematology and oncology. She served as physician-in-chief at the Children's Hospital of Winnipeg, the head of Pediatrics at St. Boniface General Hospital, and chair of the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Manitoba.

Her expertise in the medical field positioned Dr. Bishop as an ideal candidate for President of the AECB and CNSC, reassuring Canadians of the priority the nuclear sector regulator made of health and safety.

Dr. Bishop's term as President coincided with an important moment in the history of the AECB/CNSC. On May 31, 2000, the AECB transitioned to the CNSC under the Nuclear Safety and Control Act. As President, Bishop led efforts to formalize practices and redefined the role of Canada's nuclear regulator.

Dr. Bishop was also responsible for ensuring that the Canadian nuclear sector was prepared for the turn of the millennium. Y2K presented a myriad of potential problems for the nuclear sector, and as Canada's nuclear regulator, the AECB/CNSC had to be prepared for anything.

René J. A. Lévesque was President of the AECB from 1987 to 1993.

Mr. Lévesque earned a bachelor of science degree from Concordia University and a Ph.D. from Northwestern University.

While at the University of Maryland in a research position, his work in the nuclear field became widely known and highly regarded. In 1963, the National Research Council offered a particle accelerator to the academic institution willing to make Lévesque the best offer. Valuing Lévesque's contributions to the University of Montréal, the Faculty of Science prepared an innovative proposal in which it offered to create a program designed to accommodate the new technological addition to the department and enhance Lévesque's research potential. The proposal was accepted and Lévesque was given the opportunity to develop a nuclear physics laboratory at the university, the research from which was extensively praised.

Lévesque left the University of Montréal to assume the role of President of the AECB. His contributions to the nuclear sector in both academic and regulatory settings are profound and nationally recognized. For his work, he was named an Officer of the Order of Canada.

Jon Jennekens was President of the AECB from 1978 to 1987.

Jon Jennekens was born in Toronto on October 21, 1932. He studied mechanical engineering at the Royal Military College in Kingston, Ontario, and received a degree in applied science from Queen's University.

Jennekens began his career as a commissioned officer for the Royal Canadian Electrical and Mechanical Engineering Association, serving with UN peacekeeping forces in South Korea. He then spent the rest of his career in the nuclear sector, beginning at the Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories.

Jennekens joined the AECB in 1962 as an assistant scientific advisor and would become one of the CNSC's longest serving presidents.

His time as President of the AECB coincided with two significant nuclear incidents: the accidents at the Three Mile Island and Chernobyl nuclear power plants. These events had a major impact on public perception of the nuclear industry. In response, the AECB made transparency and public outreach a priority.

Under the guidance of President Jennekens, the list of initiatives undertaken to engage Canadians included revised public access policies, public consultation programs, the publication of regulatory agendas, issuing of policy statements for public comment and the appointment of an access to information and privacy coordinator.

Jon Jennekens faced some of the nuclear sector's most tumultuous times, and he guided the establishment of the high standards for openness and accountability that the CNSC continues to uphold to this day.

Dr. Alan T. Prince was President of the AECB from 1975 to 1978.

Alan Prince received a bachelor's and master's degree in arts from the University of Toronto and was awarded the Coleman Gold Medal in Geology for his expertise in this field of study. He completed his doctoral studies at the University of Chicago.

Following his studies, Prince worked at the National Research Council in Ottawa and at various federal agencies in roles of increasing responsibility, before joining the AECB in 1975.

During his time as President, Prince focused on making communication with Canadians a priority, which continues to this day. He also placed importance on the nuclear sector's responsibility to be accountable for its decisions. Consequently, the Nuclear Liability Act came into force, the Canadian Safeguards Support Program was initiated, the Nuclear Control and Administration Act was tabled in the House of Commons and radioactive contamination clean-up initiatives were implemented.

The defining moment of Prince's time at the AECB arose with the crash of COSMOS 954, a nuclear-powered Soviet surveillance satellite that scattered radioactive debris over a 124,000 km²-area in Canada's Northwest Territories when it re-entered the atmosphere. Together with the U.S., Canada coordinated a clean-up initiative called Operation Morning Light which deployed 200 people to work in the affected region. The AECB was responsible for retrieving and handling radioactive materials, and for conducting environmental and health assessments.

Following the COSMOS 954 incident, there was a call by Canada, the U.S. and other countries to prohibit satellites from containing radioactive materials. In November 1978, the United Nations authorized its Committee on the Peaceful Use of Outer Space to establish a working group to increase the safety of this technology in the exploration of space.

Donald Geoffrey Hurst was the President of the AECB from 1970 to 1974. His term coincided with a significant transition period in the nuclear sector, including the development of international non-proliferation strategies, the discovery of radioactive contamination in Port Hope and the construction of the first nuclear reactors in Canada.

Hurst had significant experience working within the Canadian nuclear sector, which allowed him to address the challenges presented during the early 1970s, and he became known as an influential AECB president.

Donald Hurst was born in St. Austell, England, in 1911. As a child, he immigrated to Canada with his family, spending most of his early life in Montréal, Quebec. He completed bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees in physics at McGill University. His studies enabled him to pursue post-doctoral work at Berkeley University and Cambridge University.

An early interest in nuclear physics opened doors for Hurst. While studying at Berkeley, Hurst worked with the newly invented Lawrence cyclotron, an accelerator of subatomic particles. Hurst was also granted access to the Cockcroft cyclotron while at Cambridge University.

Returning to Canada in 1939, Hurst joined the National Research Council. In 1945, he moved to Chalk River as part of the NRC's Atomic Energy Project. In 1952, this project evolved and became Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL), where Hurst was the Assistant Director of Reactor Research and Development. From 1965 to 1967, he took a leave of absence from the AECL to serve as Director of the Division of Nuclear Power and Reactors with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

Retiring in 1974, Hurst continued to dedicate himself to the nuclear sector. He remained the Chairman of the AECB's Reactor Safety Advisory Committee for Ontario Reactors, Executive Director of the Royal Society of Canada, the Chairman and Canadian member of the IAEA's Senior Advisory Group for the Production of Safety Codes and Guides, and a co-author of the book Canada Enters the Nuclear Age.

George Laurence was President of the AECB between 1961 and 1970. He served as Chairman of the Reactor Safety Advisory Committee, which was responsible for the health and safety of nuclear reactors and power stations.

George Craig Laurence was born in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, in 1905. He attended Dalhousie University in Halifax, where he graduated with bachelor's and master's degrees in science. Following this, he pursued a doctoral degree at Cambridge University under the guidance of Ernest Rutherford who was at the forefront of the nuclear field when Laurence began his doctoral degree.

In 1930, Laurence returned to Canada to work for the National Research Council where he established a laboratory to study radiation. The primary focus of his work was to develop methods of measuring radiation in the treatment of cancer. Practitioners understood the need to protect patients from radiation, but it was a new field of study.

In 1939, like many other physicists at the time, Laurence developed an awareness of and an intense interest in the potential power of fission. He was the first to induce fission by neutrons in a large quantity of uranium surrounded by carbon, illustrating the potential use of these materials for the creation of nuclear energy.

In 1945, Dr. Laurence moved to Chalk River, where he continued his work on nuclear reactor design with ZEEP, NRX and NRU units. From 1946 to 1947, he served as scientific advisor to the Canadian delegation to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission. In 1950, when ideas for a distinctive Canadian nuclear power system were being developed, Laurence played a key role in implementing the design and construction.

Dr. G.C. Laurence received many awards for his contributions to nuclear physics, including from the Canadian Association of Physicists, the Canadian Nuclear Association and the American Nuclear Society.

Chalmers Jack Mackenzie was the second and longest serving president of the AECB and CNSC, leading the organization for 13 years between 1948 and 1961.

Mackenzie was born in St. Stephen, New Brunswick, on July 10, 1888. The son of a master mason and builder, he was the youngest of six children. In 1909, he graduated from Dalhousie University with a degree in civil engineering.

After receiving his degree, Mackenzie was invited to create an engineering program at the University of Saskatchewan. After dedicating a couple of years to the program, and shortly after commencing his position as professor of engineering, he left to pursue further education at Harvard University. Upon earning a master's degree in civil engineering, Mackenzie returned to teach at the University of Saskatchewan.

During the First World War, Mackenzie served with the Canadian Expeditionary Force in France, rising to the rank of captain and earning the Military Cross. At the end of the war, Mackenzie returned to the University of Saskatchewan as the Dean of Engineering.

Following his career at the University of Saskatchewan, Mackenzie was appointed to the National Research Council Advisory Board and later as President of Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd. (AECL), then a newly formed Crown corporation. This led to his appointment as President of the AECB, the predecessor of the CNSC.

In light of his contribution to the scientific, academic, nuclear and military communities, Mackenzie received an array of awards of recognition. He is an important figure in the history of our organization and in Canadian history.

Andrew George Latta McNaughton was the first president of the Atomic Energy Control Board (AECB), the predecessor of the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CCSN). He initiated the tradition of ensuring a safe nuclear industry for Canadians. McNaughton held the AECB presidency from 1946 until 1948.

McNaughton was born in Moosomin, Saskatchewan (formerly of the Northwest Territories), in 1887. He attended McGill University, where he graduated with both a bachelor and master of science degree in physics and engineering.

In 1909, McNaughton enlisted in the militia, and in 1914 he joined the 4th Battery of the Canadian Expeditionary Corps. With his scientific background and leadership skills, he was promoted rapidly. In under 20 years, McNaughton received six promotions, rising through the ranks from lieutenant to major-general. By 1944, Andrew McNaughton was a Canadian general.

In 1944, Prime Minister Mackenzie King appointed McNaughton Minister of Defence. Later, he became Canada's representative to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission. After his term as President of the AECB ended, McNaughton spent the remainder of his working years as a Commission member, and later, as Chairman of the Canadian Section of the International Joint Commission.

For 50 years, General Andrew McNaughton was intricately involved in forging Canada's future. As a soldier, inventor, scientist, engineer, politician, diplomat and executive, McNaughton created a name for himself in Canadian history and in CNSC history.